Centralised And Decentralised Bargaining †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The Centralized And Decentralized Bargaining? Answer: Presentation: The maintainability of any business relies upon the administration of work and work in the work environment. Structure of work the board and business relations develop the pathway of less measures of contentions in mechanical relations of any association (Hirsch et al., 2014). Issue related with work the executives are the issues related with modern relations and business relations inserted in the center structure of an association. Progress of any association can happen viably limiting the negative impacts brought about by various mechanical and work issues related with every single activity level of the association. Goals framework is an idea that oversees modern relations and informs the workers of their activity jobs (Hessami and Baskaran 2015). Different associations work in different fields, comprising of various representatives originating from various foundation. In this manner so as to deal with the modern and work relations appropriately inside an association, one goals fra mework isn't sufficient. In some cases it is seen that goals frameworks of an association join numerous questions that eventually influence modern relations and work relations (McBride, Hebson and Holgate 2015). Because of discontent among workers certain negative effects happen in the association, similar to strikes activities and others. These debates in goals can be disposed of through various methodologies (Townsend, Wilkinson and Burgess 2013). One of the basic methodologies is aggregate bartering that permits both the business and the representative to arrange a palatable work relationship and to decrease any sort of work debates. Motivation behind this evaluation is to discover the adequacy of dealing in modern and business relations. The focal points and detriments of two sort of bartering process have been talked about in the accompanying appraisal. Idea of Bargaining in Employment Relations: Terms and states of business connections are based on exchanges (Pekarek and Gahan 2016). This procedure of arrangement between the business and worker is called bartering. Dealing becomes possibly the most important factor when there is a significant measure of question in the goals arrangement of an association. Different clashing interests are accommodated through aggregate dealing (Dahl, Le Maire and Munch 2013). Haggling process builds the work relations of an association by perceiving the objectives and destinations of the association and acknowledging general and common interests. The way toward bartering in an association relies upon the structure of dealing, since the data about backhanded and direct individuals from work accord are point by point in the structure (Addison, Portugal and Vilares 2015). The structure is additionally useful jobs and results of the administration and associations are reflected through it. Frequently it has been seen that businesses and associations incline toward the brought together model of haggling and the workers lean toward decentralized model of dealing (McBride, Hebson and Holgate 2015). The haggling is a procedure of exchange, where managers and representatives present in a gathering to arrange different terms and conditions. Through the arrangement procedure scopes for bargain, conversation and shared trade increment (Cazes, Khatiwada and Malo 2012). During the time spent settling an issue, the bartering procedure follows a selective arrangement that begins with an appropriate introduction of requests of the workers, channels through examination and conversations between the power and association of representatives and closures with the development of an understanding which builds up the guidelines for the board of representatives for a specific timeframe (Bailey and Peetz 2013). Dealing is a powerful procedure that continues changing at specific spans. The procedure is correlative just as persistent. Both the gatherings of arrangement have a few prerequisites from different gatherings, similar to representatives require better compensation structure from the businesses and the businesses require better work from the workers. The procedure hoists mechanical popular government inside an association, utilizing comprehension and joint effort between various operational bodies. Steps of Collective Bargaining Process: Haggling process follows 5 general stages. These stages are readiness, conversation, proposition, arrangement and settlement (Van Wanrooy et al. 2013.). In planning stage, exchange group from both the gatherings have been built up the subjects of arrangement have been finished by inspecting the circumstances of separate gatherings and raising the issues. Conversation stage is related with readiness of terms that will manage the exchanges (Traxler and Brandl 2012). Proposition stage is connected with the starting explanations related with the issues and issue settling recommendations. In bartering stage, both exchange parties present their prerequisites and talk about how to determine the contentions giving advantages to the two gatherings. At last settlement stage comes, where one or a few helpful choices have been taken and the issues are totally settled. Brought together Bargaining: Bartering procedure can be sorted into two areas, brought together haggling and decentralized dealing (Boeri 2014.). Social bodies are the channels for conduction of unified dealing process. These social bodies are government, boss and worker's organization groupings and that's just the beginning. Independence is a piece of centralisation or brought together dealing process ((Pries and Seeliger 2013). Agreeing with a community and simple methodology, cost decrease related no sweat of use of choices is the strategies to acquire independence (Brue, McConnell and Macpherson 2016). In any case, littler undertakings are maintained a strategic distance from in this methodology as the money related weight has been disregarded in this dealing procedure. Centralisation consolidates the businesses and association of workers together in an increasingly centered manner (Cazes, Khatiwada and Malo 2012). To dispense with the debates in compensation, business relations and mechanical relations, the significance of more prominent duty is reflected through this procedure and it assists with setting the terms and conditions for the association (Hirsch et al., 2014). Utilization of centralisation in state of work, business relations and wages by the legislature makes grants (Jimeno and Thomas 2013). A case of this methodology can be given from the focal haggling arrangement of Australia from 1904 to 1990 (Dahl, Le Maire and Munch 2013). Grants can be characterized as lawful concessions to the premise of least wages and great working conditions for the representatives. This is the consequence of mix of accommodation of the two businesses and association of workers. Focal points of Centralized Bargaining: There are different focal points of brought together haggling process. The procedure gives a fix in compensation that raises laborers uniformity and level of equity of work (Hessami and Baskaran 2015). Economy the executives can be all around kept up by any association because of more power over pay framework and parity in work relations. Presentation of grants inside pretty much every segment in the association diminishes the debates among representatives (Addison, Portugal and Vilares 2015). Wide scale usage of this procedure builds the cost proficient advantages to the association and makes the representative preparing increasingly productive and it additionally causes weakening in the intensity of individual worker (Faia and Rossi 2013). Forces of oppressive representatives are diminished through this procedure. Primary preferred position of the procedure of aggregate dealing that it altogether decreases the measure of strikes acted in the association. For this situation this dea ling gives the representatives insurance in their work segments as the finish of the bartering brings about an understanding making benefits for the two bosses and representatives. The procedure likewise gives dependability and security to the workers as likelihood of unlawful end decreases and the representatives of an association have an all around built emotionally supportive network. Burdens of Centralized Bargaining: Adaptability of this bartering framework isn't fitting contrasting with its hypothetical model. The bartering procedure for huge associations and for little associations is practically tantamount, which lessens the recognizable segments (Townsend, Wilkinson and Burgess 2013). Singular organizations are not being given enough chances, so the association can make upgrades in their work and mechanical relations and increment their efficiency and benefit. Favors are accomplished distinctly by the huge associations because of accessibility of enough assets and capital (Jimeno and Thomas 2013). Measure of motivations for the executives cooperation is since the choices are made outside of the association (Traxler and Brandl 2012). Decentralized Bargaining: Decentralization implies the appropriation of obligations and specialists to the administration at low level by the administration of significant level (Pekarek and Gahan 2016). As a restriction of centralisation the choice is made by the supervisors related with every office or division in regards to the entire association (Boeri 2014). Any issues inside the association can undoubtedly be discovered since every office have the stipend to decide the issues and take choices to counter them. Composed economies contain decentralization. Inclusion of lower level specialists permits the utilitarian level administrators to improve their exhibition and builds their opportunity of work. Because of the coordinated effort of elevated level directors with low level administrators, decrease happens in the dynamic time for an association (Dahl, Le Maire and Munch 2013). Recompense of more individuals into the dynamic arrangement of an association makes open door for progressively imaginative cont ribution to the functio

Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2000, Vol 1

Procedures of Healthy Buildings 2000, Vol 1 629 PRODUCTIVITY AND INDOOR ENVIRONMENT Derek Clements-Croome1 and Li Baizhan2 University of Reading, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, UK Jukes Associates, UK ABSTRACT Surveys in a few places of business have indicated that jam-packed work places, work disappointment and physical condition are the principle factors influencing efficiency. the information was created and broke down utilizing word related pressure pointer related to the explanatory various leveled process. hermal issues, stodginess, wiped out structure condition factors and swarmed work places were most successive protests. the outcomes propose that the efficiency could be improved by 4 to 10% by improving the workplace ecological conditions. Watchwords: SBS, profitability, warm solace, saw air quality, stress INTRODUCTION It is a lot greater expense to utilize individuals then it is to keep up and work a structure, consequently burning through cash on i mproving the workplace is the most practical method of improving efficiency on account of little rate increment in efficiency of 0. % to 2% can effectsly affect the benefit of the organization. The present condition of information regarding this matter is depicted by Clements-Croome [1]. Reasonable uses of a portion of this information is portrayed by Oseland and Barlett [2] METHODS This examination centers around the connection among profitability and the indoor condition in the workplaces and considers the way that efficiency relies upon different factors by utilizing an Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI) which has been created to incorporate an ecological measurement [3,4].OSI is a vocation fulfillment scale including inquiry or explanations, requesting that respondent state what they ponder their activity as entire or explicit parts of it. Likeret scaling utilizing five, seven or nine point scales is normally utilized. The OSI has been shown by Arnold [5]. The word related pres sure pointer is intended to assemble data about gatherings just as people and it endeavors to gauge the significant wellsprings of word related weight; word related pressure; methods for dealing with stress and individual contrasts which may direct the effect of stress.An ecological measurement has been incorporated with this marker covering temperature, ventilation, stickiness, indoor air quality, lighting, clamor, swarmed work space and is alluded to as EPOSI which has been utilized to accumulate data about the inhabitants in the structures that have been reviewed. This technique for self appraisal gives significant data on individual just as gathering reactions. The information from the poll is broke down utilizing the diagnostic chain of importance process (AHP) began by Saaty[6]. AHP utilizes nine point judgment scales for use with definite surveys helped by semi-organized interviews.The strategy depends on the hypothesis of 630 Exposure, human reactions and building examinatio ns chains of importance and is a method of organizing complex multi-dimensional frameworks, by breaking down the association between components in every layer of the progression as far as their effect on components in the layer promptly above. It is conceivable to have a few degrees of chains of importance, however for this situation five have been chosen starting with profitability followed by human variables; framework factors; wellbeing factors; natural elements. The polls were replied by inhabitants across different work evaluations and assignments and were intended to inspire: foundation data about the association and the working environment †¢ how much the earth and the activity cause disappointment †¢ the sentiments of the subject about their present working circumstance †¢ the rule causal components affecting wellbeing manifestations of tenants †¢ which elements impact work fulfillment and efficiency Semi-organized meetings were completed to set up more i nsights regarding perspectives and purposes for reactions. Office study A point by point ecological study was completed at an office in Reading in 1996. he poll was in five segments: Section A The Questionnaire requests that the tenants appointed authority the physical factors in the earth covering temperature, stodginess and drafts, dryness, indoor air quality, daylight, lightning, commotion and vibration, and swarmed working environments. Inquiries were additionally posed about close to home wellbeing; work pressure; work fulfillment; a general supposition about the indoor condition; including inquiries regarding five classes of wiped out structure disorder covering tactile bothering; skin disturbances; apprehensive issues; nasal and smell objections. Area BThe survey concerned subjects sees on how they loved the workplace format and enhancement just as inquiries regarding their activity corresponding to efficiency. They are likewise approached to rate how much close to home contr ol they felt had over temperature and lighting. Four inquiries were posed to decide self evaluated efficiency covering the measure of work achieved; nature of work; sentiment of innovativeness; and level of duty. Segment C The survey was concerning data which depicts the attributes of the association, work environment and some close to home information.Occupants were then gotten some information about human factors, for example, prosperity; capacity to perform; inspiration; work fulfillment and specialized skill. At long last there was a gathering of inquiries worried about indoor condition; climate; outside view; authoritative elements; word related variables; offices and administration; and individual elements. Procedures of Healthy Buildings 2000, Vol 1 631 Section D The survey depended on data accumulated utilizing EPOSI and five significant human variables were distinguished which impact profitability ( prosperity, capacity to perform, inspiration, work fulfillment, specialized competence).Six framework factors ( indoor condition, climate and open air sees, authoritative viewpoints, word related issues, offices and administrations, individual angles) were analyzed to perceive how they affected the human components. Area E The survey secured associations between wiped out structure ailment indications and a variety of individual, word related and natural components. RESULTS Analysis of the information shows that the degree of profitability without anyone else evaluation lessens as the workspace turns out to be increasingly packed, as employment disappointment increments and as by and large disappointment of the indoor condition increments. he results lead to the general end that a normal oneself evaluated profitability could be improved by about 10% by improving the workplace ecological conditions. The Spearman rank-relationship coefficient, rs, was utilized to survey proportion of relationship between any two factors. The measurable breaks down of the out comes is given in detail by Li [7]. It was demonstrated that a critical position relationship exists between self-evaluated efficiency and condition, work disappointment and employment worry, as appeared in Table 1. Table 1. The relationship between self surveyed profitability, condition and employment factors.Factor Associated Factor Spearman RankCorrelation Coefficient Self-evaluated efficiency Unsatisfactory indoor - 0. 49 condition Job disappointment - 0. 36 Job pressure - 0. 21 Unsatisfactory indoor Job pressure +0. 31 condition Job disappointment +0. 43 Job pressure Job disappointment +0. 36 There is special connection between the individual, the earth and the structure they occupy. Fulfillment with the earth. fulfillment with nature emerges from various issues separated from individual wellbeing (r=0. 34), wiped out structure disorder side effects (r=0. 5), visual and aural issues (r=0. 36), warm issues (r=0. 49), and swarmed work space (r=0. 50). The relationship coefficient s were measurably huge for p F? = 0,01 [3, 152] = 3. 92 ) (1) This demonstrates subjects who experience the ill effects of physical natural variables will endure an expansion in by and large unsuitable condition which is decidedly identified with warm issues, swarmed workspace and wiped out structure disorder manifestations. The numerous relapse condition for work fulfillment was seen as: JD = 1. 2055 + 0. 3157* JS + 0. 2572 * En + 0. 1023 * CS r = 0. 5367, F=19. 56> F? = 0,01 [3,149] = 3. 92 ) (2) This shows high occupation disappointment results from work pressure, swarmed workspace and a general unacceptable condition. For self evaluated efficiency, the relapse condition was created utilizing a stage insightful relapse strategy: P=6. 8510-0. 3625*En-0. 1542*JD-0. 1329*CS (r = 0. 5083, F= 14. 86 > F? = 0,01 [3, 132] = 3. 94 (3) The chief variables which influence self evaluated profitability in the workplaces reviewed were a general unsuitable condition, swarmed workspace an d employment dissatisfaction.A qualification was made between direct impacts (I. e. those impacts that don't result from some other variable in the model) and †auxiliary or roundabout impacts which emerge from the communication between at least one factors in the model. (Cohen 1983). For instance a general inadmissible condition directly affects self evaluated efficiency, however there is additionally a circuitous impact since it likewise influences work fulfillment which thus likewise influences self surveyed productivity.The all out aberrant impact is assessed by the result of the impacts of a general unacceptable condition on work fulfillment, and occupation fulfillment on self surveyed profitability. The all out impact of condition on self surveyed efficiency is then the aftereffect of consolidating the immediate and roundabout impacts. Further examines demonstrated that the most widely recognized protests about unacceptable conditions were those associated with high or low temperature varieties; stale and stodgy air; dry or moist air. Procedures of Healthy Buildings 2000, Vol 1 633 CONCLUSIONSThe head ends were: †¢ Individual reactions outline that most of respondents accepted that the workplace condition had a direc

How to write an SAT essay

The SAT essay poses a challenge to a lot of test takers. Fitting an essay in the 25-minute time frame can unnerve the best of students. However, it is not as difficult as it sounds. The College Board is not expecting a literary piece of art. It is just trying to see whether you can develop and express your ideas well. If you prepare for the essay section, it is one of the easiest areas to master. The scores are rated on a 2-12 scale. The essay is scored by two people and each one gives the score on a scale of 1-6. We offer you some great tips for the SAT essay: 1. Write neatly – An under-rated advice this one. You will be given a pencil to write the essay. Make sure that you keep your writing neat and legible. A neatly written essay will easily outscore a badly written one. Keep in mind that the scorers will not spend too much time on every essay. Neat essays lessen their work and improve your chances of a high score. 2. Understand the assignment well – Don’t be in a rush to write the essay. Every essay question contains a short paragraph about the issue. Read and understand the issue well before beginning work on the essay.   3. Structure your paragraph well – In this aggressive timeline, your best bet is stick to the conventional one intro, 2-3 body paragraphs and a conclusion paragraph. This template almost always fits in any given issue. The intro paragraph should state the main issue, the body paragraph should support your stand with examples and the conclusion should summarise the essay. 4. Practice essays – Many test takers leave the essays to the exam day. Remember, practice makes perfect. When you are taking SAT practice tests, make sure you also attempt the practice essay under strictly timed conditions. 5. Read – Reading good books may not be a prerequisite but it will definitely help you in the exam. Reading books helps you think and take a stand on a particular issue. It also improves your reading and writing skills. Read well to write well! Start preparing!

Similarities Between Dana And Alice - 1015 Words

Have you ever been told that you and a friend are practically the same person? Something similar to this happens to Dana and Alice in Octavia Butler’s novel, Kindred. In Butler’s novel, Dana is a young black woman living in 1976. Next thing she knows, she time travels back to the antebellum South. Dana is given the task of saving her several times great grandfather, Rufus Weylin, from multiple life threatening situations. Along the way she meets her several times great grandmother, Alice, who is a young free black woman. In her novel, Kindred, Octavia Butler compares and contrasts Dana and Alice to show the theme that people will do anything in order to survive. Both Dana and Alice have to become slaves on a plantation, run away for a life of freedom, and tolerate the treatment of Rufus. One similarity between Dana and Alice is that they both must become slaves on a plantation. In the novel Dana is a free and independent woman. After she time travels back to the early 1 800s, she has to save Rufus from multiple situations to ensure that his daughter, Hagar, is born and her family tree stays intact. This means she will be spending a lot of time in 1800s Maryland. Dana must act as a slave in order to keep her identity of being a time traveler a secret. â€Å"We’re going to have to fit in as best as we can with the people here for as long as we stay. This means we are going to have to play the roles you gave us† (65). In this conversation Dana is telling her husband and RufusShow MoreRelated`` Kindred, By Octavia Butler1624 Words   |  7 PagesIn Octavia Butler’s novel, Kindred, Butler presents to the reader the controversial character of Rufus Weylin, a white plantation owner who is also the ancestor of the novel’s protagonist, Dana. As the story progresses, Rufus commits various heinous and agreeable acts that would have the reader question his innate goodness, or lack thereof. 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Cameron PREFACE xxi This page intentionally left blank MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   The Critical Role of Management Skills The Importance of Competent Managers

Essay about Influences that Have Shaped American Literature

Influences that Have Shaped American Literature There have been a number of influences that have shaped American literature. From the time that Western Europeans founded the country to the inclusion of Native American lore to the contributions of such literary giants as Mark Twain and Carol Sandburg, the composition of American Literature has been both constant and ever changing. In deed as much as America, itself, is a melting pot of diversity within a cultural concern, so too is this considerable diversity a significant aspect of its emerging literature. Grantland S. Rice, author of The Transformation of Authorship in America, contends that the ultimate composition of American literature is fundamentally based upon a combination†¦show more content†¦(Rice 12) Inasmuch as Rice attributes life’s influences as an integral component of American literature, so too does one of America’s greatest authors: Mark Twain. 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Philosophy Of Matematics And Language Essay Example For Students

Philosophy Of Matematics And Language Essay Throughout its history mankind has wondered about his place in the universe. In fact, second only to the existence of God, this subject is the most frequent topic of philo-sophical analysis. However, these two questions are very similar, to the point that in some philosophical analyses the questions are synonymous. In these particular philoso-phies, God takes the form of the universe itself or, more accurately, the structure and function of the universe. In any case, rather than conjecturing that God is some omnipo-tent being, supporters of this philosophy expound upon another attribute habitually asso-ciated with the Man Upstairs: His omniscience. That particular word, omniscience, is broken down to semantic components and taken literally: science is the pursuit of knowl-edge, and God is the possession of all knowledge. This interpretation seems very rigor-ous but has some unfortunate side effects, one of them being that any pursuit of knowl-edge is in fact a pursuit to become as Go d or be a god (lower case ?g?). To avoid this drawback, philosophers frequently say that God is more accurately described as the knowledge itself, rather than the custody of it. According to this model, knowledge is the language of the nature, the ?pure language? that defines the structure and function of the universe. There are many benefits to this approach. Most superficially, classifying the structure and function of the universe as a language allows us to apply lingual analysis to the philosophy of God. The benefits, however, go beyond the superficial. This subtle modification makes the pursuit of knowledge a function of its usage rather than its pos-session, implying that one who has knowledge sees the universe in its naked truth. Knowledge becomes a form of enlightenment, and the search for it becomes more admi-rable than narcissistic. Another fortunate by-product of this interpretation is its universal applicability: all forms of knowledge short of totality are on the way to becoming spiritu-ally fit. This model of the spiritual universe is in frequent use today because it not only gives legitimacy to science, but it exalts it to the most high. The pedantic becomes the cream of the societal crop and scientists become holy men. Its completely consistent with the belief that mans ability to a ttain knowledge promotes him over every other spe-cies on Earth, and it sanctions the stratification of a society based on scholarship, a mold that has been in use for some time. Now that weve defined the structure and function of the universe as knowledge, we must now further analyze our definition by analyzing knowledge itself. If the society is stratified by knowledge, there must be some competent way of measuring the quantity of knowledge an individual possesses, which means one must have a very articulate and rigorous notion of knowledge. At first glance, one would think that knowledge was sim-ply the understanding of the universe through the possession of facts about it. This un-derstanding creates problems, however, because it now becomes necessary to stratify knowledge, to say that this bit of information is inherently ?better? than that one. This question was first answered using utility as a metric, but it became obsolete because util-ity is too relative. A new, more practical answer was eventually found: rather than meas-uring knowledge, we should measure intellect, the ability to attain knowledge. Even though this has the same problem of stratific ation, its overlooked because philosophers believe that they know the best way to pursue knowledge. To them, the language of complete understanding is logical inference. If one can state a set of facts in the simplis-tic linear progression of statements using logical connectors, the information is in its most readily understandable form. The philosophers used this convention to rigorize mathe-matics, the rigorization process became associated with it, and logic suddenly became mathematical logic. The name stuck, as people refer to the process by that name to this day. The previous analytic development is the essence of the modern understanding of the natural universe. It starts from the fundamental belief in a deity and transforms it into this mathematical logic, a system of communication that according to our summation minimizes the number of justifiable interpretations, therefore standardizing the universe. There are some limitations to this approach, however. The rationale is, by its very nature, a logical development: it constructs a functional model of the pure language that is con-sistent (i.e., free of contradiction). Therefore, the pure language inherits any limitations of logic by definition?in other words, it assumes that the pure language is (a subset of) logic. Secondly, even though its very rigorous in its approach, it presents pure language as an inherent truth viewed through the lens of mathematical logic, as opposed to pure language being synonymous with mathematical logic. This is an important but distinc-tion, but its subtle temp eraments cause it to be frequently overlooked. Beowulf Vs. Grendal EssayThe problem with such a modification to our definitions is that it isnt consistent with our practice. Because mathematical logic (or our conception of it at least) is a lan-guage, it has evolved considerably from its definition. Now, math excursions arent per-formed through discovery, but through construction: mathematicians state axioms (as-sumptions) and definitions, and logically derive all of mathematical from them. Mathe-maticians believe this process to be more rigorous than any other method of proof in that, aside from the ubiquitous set of axioms (axioms are a necessary part of every construc-tion), its logically impeccable. The quest for the truth has become a secondary concern, and the quest for the logically consistent has ran to the top of our list of priorities. For example, in the widely-accepted construction of the field of analysis (one of three ex-haustive subcategories of math), arithmetic involving infinity is defined in such a way that i s inconsistent with what we know from other mathematical excursions to be true:It may seem strange to define 0 ? ? = 0. However, one verifies without diffi-culty that with this definition the commutative, associative, and distributive laws hold on without any restriction. (Rudin, p.18)This reveals a subtle but intrinsic difference between the pure language of the universe (i.e., the truth) and mathematical logic in practice today. Another aspect of the logical construction that distinguishes it from the pure lan-guage is the linear progression. By its very nature, every logical argument is linear in its development: A implies B, implies C, implies D, etc. But, every line has a beginning, i.e., every logical construction has a beginning, a group of definitions and axioms from which all other results derive. (This seemingly obvious fact was stated earlier and even-tually logically proven.) Therefore, its necessary to first define, for example, what ? is exactly, and derive all other mathematical relationships involving ? from that. However, since the development states exact the nature of ?, all other results are not much more than mathematical coincidences; they become part of what is ? only in another construc-tion, where these facts are taken into account in the definition. This is not true of the pure language: as has become more and more apparent in science since the 1950s (and the new mathematics that arou se from it), nature is very non-linear. This means that there is no beginning or end to the truth: the number ? can be (intrinsically) many things at once, because there is no definition that nails down one interpretation of ?. Even though mathematical logic can be used to see the truth, the truth becomes unavoidably biased by it. There are many shortcomings of logic that keep it from being the pure language, the absolute truth, the Man Upstairs. Yet and still we have embraced this theology whole-heartedly (if not consciously, through societal conditioning). Our desire to com-pletely understand the universe (along with our belief that we can completely understand the universe) has blinded us into accepting falsehoods as facts. We dont have to scrap the whole idea of logic all together; we must, however, understand that logic isnt neces-sarily the truth, and always is neither the whole truth and nothing but the truth. Mathematics

Paganism Essays (903 words) - Mother Goddesses, Wicca,

Paganism An Evening with the Pagans~ A brief history of paganism~ Over 25,000 years ago, our ancestors across the continent practiced an ancient form of religion known as paganism. During the Neolithic and Paleolithic time era, our ancestors were in awe of the great manifestations of nature. Due to lack of scientific thought, they were riddled with ignorance and superstition. Everything had a supernatural explanation. They associated each naturalistic phenomena with a type of god, inscribing inanimate objects with life -like characteristics .This practice is referred to as animism. Every element ,be it thunder ,rain or the sun ,was thought to be a god (or goddess) within it. Eventually their gods became an object of worship known as polytheism. Eventually many forms of polytheism evolved to what is known as paganism. Modern Paganism Now defined as :The worship of a god or goddess whose roots are in pre-Christian Western Europe. Modern paganism is alive and well today. It consists of many sub-divisions .These include ~Wicca ,druidism Santeria and many others. Wicca focuses on the worship of a god and goddess .In Wicca ,there is a plethora of pantheon of deities that one can choose from including: Greek, Norse ,roman etc...... Focusing on a Greek Wiccan tradition ,this will be describing the pagan festival of Hectare. The Festival of Hecate The festival of Hecate is celebrated between the 3rd and 4th Saturday of August. (which ever is closest to the new moon) It is in honor of the Greek goddess Hecate. She was first worshipped in ancient Greece -called the triple goddess of magic. She is often represented in triple form ; maiden (youth) ,mother (fertility) and crone (the wise woman). In ancient Rome ,she was known as trevia ,the cross road with three paths. Hecate is symbolized by the phases of the moon. Each attribute correlates with a particular phase of the moon. The waxing moon (maiden),the full moon (mother) and the new moon( crone). The Ceremony~ Upon arrival at the festival in Georgetown Delaware, everyone gathers for the lecture. This is to educate the newcomers as to what the ceremony entails. The ceremony is always rehearsed before it is performed. After the lecture ,there is a large potluck feast to keep everyone energized for the evenings festivities. The processional~ When the sun sets, the processional begins. With everyone in their appropriate magical attire,(consisting of a robe and jewelry) everyone lines up proceeds with the first phase. This is called consecration- each person is consecrated . This is done by covering the body in incense smoke and sprinkling of water. This is a purification process that cleanses the body of negative energy prior to the ritual. Next each person is permitted to enter the circle one by one. Once everyone is inside the circle, the next phase begins. Calling of the quarters~ At this point ,the high priest/priestess begins the calling of the quarters or summoning the elements. Each direction is marked by an altar and each is represented by an element. West =air, east=water , north=earth and south=fire. The high priest approaches each point ,says a chant and ends the chant with the phrase hail and welcome. After the elements are called , the highpoint of the ritual begins ~ the invocation The Invocation~ The invocation is where the goddess is invited to attend the ceremony. The invitation is done through a series of chants . Ex: He Kau ,He Kau , He Kau Hecate trevia trimorphos Hecate queen of the moon and all her phases 3 X''s (Hek a ta) Next 3 women are chosen to represent Hecate ,each representing one of her aspects.(they are chosen prior to the ritual) The maiden is in white (purity) the mother in red (fertility) and crone in black(wisdom) These women remain in the circle. At this point the goddess speaks to the participants .Each one gives a brief message ,usually a blessing or advice. Once the crone has finished, each participant is invited to approach any of the three forms and speak to them. They may ask for advice ,offering or a boon. Once everyone has had their turn to speak with Hecate,the group becomes silent. The goddess is thanked and dismissed. Sometimes during a ritual a participant may feel a bit overwhelmed with the energy that has been raised. It is for this reason ,that the next phase ,called grounding takes place. This is done by simply placing the hands on the ground and releasing the energy. Once the grounding has been performed,it is time to close the quarters or dismiss the elements. Like the opening , the high